1. Information sources in political analysis 1.1. Primary sources: represent original data collected firsthand and provide unbiased, "raw" information. These sources have not yet undergone interpretation or analysis by other researchers. 1.2. Secondary sources are interpretations and analyses based on primary data, prepared by researchers or analysts. These sources include expert opinions, studies, and reports that interpret primary information. 1.3. Tertiary sources are summarized and systematized data, such as media, encyclopedias, reference books, or databases that collect and organize information from primary and secondary sources. 2. Information processing technologies 2.1. "Data verification" is the process of checking the authenticity, reliability, and accuracy of received information. In political analysis, this is critically important to avoid disinformation and manipulation. 2.2. "Data visualization" is the process of presenting information in a graphical or visual form, which helps to perceive complex data faster and better. The use of diagrams, graphs, maps, and infographics significantly simplifies the perception of political information. 2.3. Problems of information perception arise as a result of cognitive distortions, misrepresentation of data, or bias. People tend to perceive information depending on its context and presentation format. 2.4. Classification and structuring of information is the process of organizing data into ordered categories and hierarchies, which allows for systematic and efficient analysis. 2.5. Analytical models are techniques based on the use of mathematical and statistical tools to predict political and economic events. 2.6 For OSINT (Open Source Intelligence) analysis, there are a number of specialized programs and tools that help collect, analyze, and visualize information from open sources. Here is a list of some popular programs and platforms used for OSINT analysis: 1. "Maltego", "theHarvester", "SpiderFoot", "Recon-ng", "Shodan", "Censys", "Social-Engineer Toolkit (SET)", "OSINT Framework", "Google Dorking (Google Hacking)", "Amass", etc. 3. Reference points of the information flow.